根據經濟學人智庫( Economist Intelligence Unit) 的數據，氣候變化會加劇衝突發生的可能性。 

• 以下你會發現一些有關氣候變化的駭人數據：
  自1960年以來，與氣候變化有關的自然災害數量增加了兩倍，而在2019年更創下最高記錄
• 如果不採取緊急行動，全球暖化將會在2100年之前較工業化前水平提高攝氏3度
• 氣候變化導致社會、經濟和政治情況更加脆弱。例如，在2020年，非洲有7300萬人陷入了糧食危機，而這7300萬人中有2600萬人是因為與氣候變化有關的事件而受到影響。
• 在2019年，新的流離失所者中有73％是由於與氣候或天氣有關的災害
• 到2030年，由於氣候變化的多重影響（例如：農作物生產受到影響），預計有多1.32億人會生活在貧困中。

【Sustainable Development Goal 13：Climate Action】Climate Change Will Cause More Societal Conflict

According to The Economic Intelligence Unit, climate change makes conflicts increasingly likely. 

Below you will find some prominent statistics about climate change📊:

• The number of weather-related natural disasters has tripled since 1960, with the highest number recorded in 2019
• Without urgent action, global warming is on track to increase to 3 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by 2100
• Climate change leads to social, economic and political fragility. For example, in 2020, 73 million people in Africa were pushed into food crises, and 26 million out of these 73 million people were affected due to weather-related events.
• In 2019, 73% of new displacements were due to climate- or weather-related disasters
• An additional 132 million people are expected to be living in poverty by 2030, as a result of multiple impacts of climate change, such as stifled crop production.

醖釀十年，中國的碳排放權交易系統終於正式上線了。

截至2020年12月，中國的二氧化碳排放量佔全球28%，仍是世界上最大的碳排放國就未來實現全球淨零排放而言，很有可能將取決於中國。

去年9月，中國國家主席習近平在聯合國大會的講話中提到，中國將提高國家自主貢獻力度，採取更加有力的政策和措施，二氧化碳排放力爭於2030年前達到峰值，努力爭取2060年前實現碳中和此舉使中國成為全球主要排放國裡首個設定碳中和限期的發展中國家。

今年2月1日，中國的碳交易市場在首次提出10年後正式上線，這讓人們看到了中國產生的嚴重污染可能得到遏制的希望。碳排放交易系統（ETS）的總體原則反映了全球標準，其他地方實施緩慢也是順理成章。可是，有兩個原因讓人擔心中國可能無法做好碳交易。

1. 碳排放交易系統的覆蓋範圍：人們期望該市場至少能覆蓋全國70%的碳排放行業，包括發電、航空和石化。可是其第一階段只覆蓋了2225家發電企業，只佔排放量的一小部分。此外，中國沒有像歐洲那樣採用絕對的排放上限，而是根據規模、燃料類型和碳強度等基準對污染者進行評級，以確定排放上限。例如，天然氣發電廠將比較髒的燃煤機獲得更大的配額。 但政策制定者尚未透露何時將實行絕對排放上限，他們也沒有說明何時將把整個電力部門和其他污染行業納入排放上限。其中，建築業和運輸業或可能永遠不會被包括在內。
2. 碳排放交易系統在法律上的模糊性：雖然碳排放交易系統是由生態環境部成立的，但執行碳交易市場的框架還沒有經過檢驗，然而許多污染最嚴重的企業會尋找漏洞。碳市場的全面支持仍將遙遙無期。

[Sustainable Development Goal 13: Climate Action] China’s new carbon market

A decade in the making, China’s emissions-trading system has finally gone live.

With 28% of global CO2 emissions by December 2020, China remains the world’s largest carbon emitter. In terms of achieving net-zero global emissions in the future, it will most likely depend on China.

In his speech at the United Nations last September, Chinese President Xi Jinping said that China would increase its national contribution and adopt stronger policies and measures to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 and strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This makes China the first developing country to set a carbon neutrality deadline among the world’s major emitters.

On February 1st China’s carbon-trading market went live, a decade after it was first mooted, offering a glimpse of hope that the severe pollution the country generates might be curbed. The general principles of the emissions-trading system (ETS) reflect global standards, and slow implementation has been par for the course in other places. But there are two reasons to worry that Beijing may not get carbon trading right.

1. The ETS’s scope: The market was expected to cover at least 70% of the country’s carbon-emitting sectors, including power generation, aviation and petrochemicals. But its first phase covered only 2,225 power generators, representing a small fraction of emissions. Furthermore, employing an absolute emissions cap, as Europe does, it will rate polluters by four benchmarks, including size, fuel type and carbon intensity, to determine caps on emissions. For example, natural gas-fired power plants will get a larger allowance than dirtier coal-burners. But policymakers have yet to say when they will move to an absolute emissions cap, nor have they indicated when the ETS will bring in the entire power sector and other polluting industries. Among them, the construction and transport sectors may never be included.
2. The legal ambiguity of the system: Although the carbon trading system was set up by the ministry of ecology, the framework for enforcing the carbon-market is untested. As a result, many of the worst polluters will look for loopholes. Full support for the carbon market will remain elusive.

Source: “Can China’s new carbon market take off?”, The Economist, 27 Feb 2021 (adapted)

世望屋月刊【世望角】第3期：

Newsletter_Issue_03_CH

Newsletter_Issue_03_EN

美國德克薩斯州最近的停電已造成多人死亡，估計因此整成的經濟損失高達200億美元。這次事件揭示了一件我們應該加以重視以減輕未來極端天氣及其對社會的影響的事情 ╴彈性應對能力。

德州大面積停電的原因源自電力系統的問題 ╴它並不能承受極端的寒冷天氣。儘管該州之前已收到為電力系統加裝防凍裝置以適應氣候變化的建議，但因為要改造的費用過於昂貴，他們並沒有採取後續行動。
德州是獨立電網，並不連接全國其他的電網，所以當發電機有故障時，他們並無法從其他地方獲得電力。同時他們是電力自由競爭的市場，不同的發電商競相以盡可能最低的成本發電。這個市場模式亦令使得發電商很難投資於防凍裝置，因為這樣做會增加他們可以提供的電力的價格，從而降低他們的市場競爭力。

氣候變化引發的災害代價高昂。 在2020年，十大最具破壞性的災害共造成1400多億美元的經濟損失和3400多人死亡。而極端天氣的規模和頻率將會繼續增加。雖然自然災害會不可避免地繼續發生，但我們必須反思現有的系統設計，並採取必要的改變，使我們能夠適應科學家所預測的氣候變化可能帶來的影響。

資料來源：

https://udn.com/news/story/7339/5275174?fbclid=IwAR0Mz383YD0LO5R2bEDFUwu0HmPTf9fgncWpDKvm3K5ecnESzlTFLk0b-Tw

https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/5254785?fbclid=IwAR3kCM6C7DYAwtsfd2yYo4T5TF_2GTsYP_kKqjLI5qVvMV28UtByTMgHmMw

https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-12/Counting%20the%20cost%202020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0vjIQHaneBMHWdOwUBwwkRDaBnom0QVHU_IKQFQMejnxZrYQdvT3KE-B0

[Sustainable Development Idea Sharing] Invest In Cities’ Resilience to Climate Change Is A Must

The recent power blackout in Texas has resulted in many deaths and is estimated to cost up to US$20 billion. The incident revealed one thing that we should prioritize to mitigate future extreme weather and its effects on society – resilience.
The Texan power grid failure was due to a problem in the infrastructure – it is incapable of withstanding freezing weather. Although the state had received recommendations to weatherize its electricity infrastructure before, no follow up actions were taken as it was deemed too expensive.

Its grid is independent of those outsides of its boundary. So when the generators failed, they can’t get their power from elsewhere. The state also has a competitive power market where different power generators compete to generate electricity at the lowest cost possible. This imperative makes it difficult for generators to invest in weatherization because doing so will increase the price they can offer per unit of electricity.

Climate change-induced disasters are costly. In 2020, the ten most devastating events resulted in more than US$140 billion in financial losses and more than 3400 deaths. The magnitude and frequency of extreme weather will continue to grow. While it is inevitable that natural hazards will continue to happen, we must reflect on the system design and adopt changes that will allow us to be resilient to the possible effects that climate change will bring – as forecasted by many scientists.

Source:

https://udn.com/news/story/7339/5275174?fbclid=IwAR0Mz383YD0LO5R2bEDFUwu0HmPTf9fgncWpDKvm3K5ecnESzlTFLk0b-Tw

https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/5254785?fbclid=IwAR3kCM6C7DYAwtsfd2yYo4T5TF_2GTsYP_kKqjLI5qVvMV28UtByTMgHmMw

https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-12/Counting%20the%20cost%202020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0vjIQHaneBMHWdOwUBwwkRDaBnom0QVHU_IKQFQMejnxZrYQdvT3KE-B0

隨著全球越來越多人成為素食者，雀巢也決定迎合廣大素食者對純素朱古力的需要，將於今年推出純素KitKat。

純素KitKat是經過認證的純素食品，由100%可持續的可可製成，通過雀巢可可計劃和雨林聯盟共同採購。

雀巢正在積極鼓勵消費者轉向植物性飲食，它已經推出了由大米、燕麥、大豆、椰子、豌豆和杏仁製成的奶製品的植物替代品。例如，純素冰淇淋、咖啡奶精、大米和燕麥飲料、豌豆飲料、純素卡布奇諾和拿鐵、純素煉乳替代品，以及一系列純素奶酪，以補充現有的純素漢堡。

對於愛好朱古力的素食者來說，這真是個好消息～

[Sustainable snack] Nestlé’s first vegan KitKat is coming soon!

As more and more people around the world become vegan, Nestlé is launching a vegan KitKat later this year.

The new KitKat – called KitKat V, is certified vegan, and made from 100% sustainable cocoa sourced through the Nestlé Cocoa Plan in conjunction with the Rainforest Alliance.

Nestlé is helping people embrace a more plant-based diet, with options across its wide range of food and beverages.
The company has already launched plant-based alternatives to dairy made from rice, oat, soy, coconut, pea and almonds across categories. Examples include non-dairy ice cream, coffee creamers, rice- and oat-based drinks, pea-based beverages, plant-based cappuccinos and lattes, a vegan condensed milk alternative, as well as a range of non-dairy cheese to complement existing plant-based burgers.

This is definitely a great news for plant-based fans around the world~

這個創業故事相當有啟發性。通過利用蒲草、廢耕農地、農村勞動力這三個元素，台灣初創企業玩艸植造種植及銷售天然吸管給不同店家，推廣循環經濟，協助台灣實行在2030年全面禁用一次性外帶飲料杯及塑膠吸管的目標。

玩艸植造用被廣泛視為雜草的蒲草製造天然吸管。蒲草不但質地硬實，遇水不易軟爛，還可耐100度以上高溫以及完全自然分解。在越南，蒲草已經被拿來製成吸管。這種種植更加重啟廢棄農地循環利用，吸納面對農村老化的青農。

資料來源：

https://ubrand.udn.com/ubrand/story/11817/5260956?utm_source=kol&utm_medium=FBgroup&utm_campaign=Y-&fbclid=IwAR0kx1TNbG01nGi5HrdHfezZPuF8yrgWSS1z0Bdy0t4tXw_h9wx9B0kvX7s

[Sustainable Development Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production] Taiwan Natural Straw Start-up Wonder Greener Promotes Circular Economy

This story is very inspirational. By making use of the three elements of bullrush, waste farmland, and rural labor, Taiwan’s start-up Wonder Greener is planting and selling natural straws to different stores, promoting circular economy, and assisting Taiwan to fully implement the goal of banning disposable take-away beverage cups and plastic straws by 2030.

Bullrush, which is widely regarded as overgrown weed, is used by the start-up to make natural drinking straws. Bullrush is not only hard in texture and difficult to soften when exposed to water, but also can withstand high temperatures above 100 degrees and completely decompose naturally. In Vietnam, bullrush has been used to make straws. This kind of planting further makes use of abandoned farmland for circular economy, and attracts the young farmers who reside in rural areas that are facing the aging of population.

Source:

https://ubrand.udn.com/ubrand/story/11817/5260956?utm_source=kol&utm_medium=FBgroup&utm_campaign=Y-&fbclid=IwAR0kx1TNbG01nGi5HrdHfezZPuF8yrgWSS1z0Bdy0t4tXw_h9wx9B0kvX7s

世望屋的其中一位創始人袁斯陶(Christy)日前接受TDM澳廣視的採訪，分享自身成長故事和經歷，以及成立世望屋的初心。與此同時，世望屋另一位創始人余玉儀(Arianna)也在影片中分享世望屋過去舉辦的活動及相關工作。

袁斯陶曾參與聯合國難民署實習計劃，余玉儀曾參與聯合國教科文組織實習計劃，她們因實習計劃相識成為朋友。在一次分享彼此在發展中國家推進項目的經歷時，回憶起一段段令人感動的故事，在此刻便萌生了成立世望屋的想法。

直到現在，她們仍在不同的平台繼續堅守初心，關注可持續發展議題。

在此十分感謝TDM的採訪。希望把這份熱誠和聲音帶給澳門社會。

【Macau people. Macau Stories TV Interview: The Aspiration & Perseverance of the Co-Founder of Genervision House】

One of the founders of Genervision House, Christy, was interviewed by the TDM Canal Macau a few days ago to share her personal story and experience, and the original intention of establishing Genervision House. At the same time, Arianna, another co-founder of Genervision House, also shared the NGO’s past activities and related work in the film.

Christy once participated in the UNHCR internship program, while Arianna participated in the UNESCO internship program. They met and became friends because of the internship program. While sharing each other’s experiences in implementing projects in the developing countries, they recalled some of the touching stories, and it was that moment which gave birth to the idea of ​​establishing Genervision House.

Until now, they are still sticking to their original aspirations on different platforms, focusing on issues of sustainable development.

Grateful for this opportunity with TDM, and hope to bring this enthusiasm and voice to the Macau society.

https://www.tdm.com.mo/c_video/play_video.php?id=55968&fbclid=IwAR2aHGjCT2yvPs1gEYxs85mgUwkYfVmReeepKeCbpgrfn9Ra4jhkaj5m0qc

當澳門政府為本澳市民預留了充足的新冠疫苗，並有提供三種選項由接種人士自願選擇，世界各地正為解決疫苗分配不平等問題感到煩惱。

近日，法國總統馬克龍敦促歐洲和美國緊急向非洲發展中國家撥出高達5%的疫苗。同時，世衛組織總幹事譚德塞博士也警告說，由於不平等的新冠疫苗政策，世界正面臨著 「災難性的道德失敗」。

現有的疫苗由英國、美國、歐洲、俄羅斯和中國生產，已經被世界各國購買，並得到了廣泛的應用。可是，各國之間的劑量並不是平均分配的，尤其是在貧窮國家特別明顯。

數據顯示，世界上一半以上的供應量只留給了15%的人口。 較富裕的國家目前持有確認的42億劑量，而貧窮國家只持有6.7億劑量。另一數據顯示，只有10個國家接種了75%的疫苗，然而，有130多個國家沒有接種一劑疫苗。

因此，為了消除這種不平等，保證世界各地能公平地獲得COVID-19疫苗，流行病防備創新聯盟（CEPI）、全球疫苗聯盟（GAVI）和世界衛生組織（WHO）牽頭發起了COVAX全球倡議。

至今為止，已有180多個國家簽署了COVAX倡議，COVAX的主要任務是為所有國家尋找有效的疫苗，支持國家生產疫苗的能力以及購買存貨，以保證到2021年底，20億劑疫苗可以公平分配。

只有每個人都安全了，整個世界才會安全。

[Inequality in Vaccine Distribution]

While the Macau government has reserved an abundant supply of the vaccine for our citizens, with three options for voluntary selection, the world is struggling to address the inequality of vaccine distribution.

Recently, French President Emmanuel Macron has urged Europe and the US to urgently allocate up to 5 per cent of vaccines to developing countries in Africa. At the same time, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, head of the World Health Organization, has also warned that the world is facing a “catastrophic moral failure” because of unequal Covid-19 vaccine policies.

Since the vaccines were produced in the UK, US, Europe, Russia and China, they are already being widely used, having been bought up and approved in countries around the world. However, doses are not shared equally between countries and this is particularly evident in poor countries.

It is stated that more than half of the world’s supply has been reserved for just 15% of its population. High-income countries currently hold a confirmed 4.2 billion doses, while low-middle income nations hold only 670 million. Another figure shows that only 10 countries have administered 75% of all vaccines; yet, more than 130 countries have not received a single dose.

Therefore, in order to eliminate the inequality and guarantee fair access to Covid-19 vaccines, a global initiative COVAX led by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Global Vaccine Alliance and World Health Organization was launched.

Up to now, more than 180 countries have signed up for the COVAX initiative. The main mission of COVAX is searching for an effective vaccine for all countries, supporting the building of manufacturing capabilities and buying supply, so that 2 billion doses can be fairly distributed by the end of 2021.

The whole world will only be safe when everyone is safe.

(Source: BBC, Financial Times / Photo: ©BBC)